Business Plan and Implementation.

Question: Talk about the Business Plan and Implementation. Answer: Marketable strategy Apple Inc. Organization A marketable strategy is seen to be a foremost device in any business association. Apple Inc. is an American based organization that produces and market versatile specialized gadgets, convenient music players. This organization is the biggest data innovation supplier on the planet. The point of this report is to make business center, create and set up an arrangement of exercises to be utilized as a manual for Apple Inc. in accomplishing its set targets and objectives. Business center For organizations to flourish, there must be built up approaches in leading its tasks targeting expanding their net revenues henceforth proceeded with business life. Expanding efficiency of the organizations items, the administration may utilize techniques like utilization of new innovation in their activity, audit of the current arrangement and actualize persistent improvement approach during the procedure. One of the essential objectives of Apple Inc. firm is to expand the efficiency of data innovation items. Along these lines, this means high deals volume henceforth high-net revenues are accomplished over the long haul. The organization can achieve this through making brand mindfulness about its items to the clients (Csiszar, 2017). Brand mindfulness can be practiced through the (web influence, the formation of internet based life nearness) and supporting open occasions, for example, open games and golf competitions. In the occasion, the items are shown to the likely clients with extra cash to buy the item. Marketable strategy In each business to stay dynamic in the market, there is a requirement for built up plan of exercises proclaiming an everyday exercises. Specifically, the arrangement is utilized to delineate future, to help the development of the firm, to create and convey the game-plan to the individuals and to help exit vital administration forms. Previous Strategies and Operational plans Apple Inc. items stay to maintain the first companys vows to its clients during its commencement. The organization works in California and targets worldwide markets. The organization utilizes methodologies, for example, Apple brand character (centers around feelings about how the client feels in the wake of utilizing the organization item), Apple client experience (all the products must comply with Apple brands) and Apple brand corona impact. The organization objective in utilizing such methodologies is to keep up a brand guarantee to its expected clients (Marketing-Minds, 2016). It is a lot of essential for any business to have legitimate market survey prerequisite procedures during their tasks. Apple Inc. The organization utilizes devices, for example, Steeple examination method, Scenario arranging procedure, basic achievement factor investigation (CSFA) and the five powers strategy. Additionally, the top administration surveys advertise execution and the ideal heading, operational issues relating the business and laborers association for legitimate execution investigation of the firm. The organization works in US based markets and other worldwide markets over the world. Asset Requirement Processes Deciding asset necessity is one of significant objective before business activity starts. The main role of the examiner in business is to give out viewpoints that can decrease in general expenses in activity. Apple Inc. utilizes components, for example, leading of overview cycle, booking conceptualizing meeting and talking key partners as a portion of the significant procedures in recognizing asset required. The organization is finished by the CEO being helped by the supervisors (Rowland, 2017). Conferences with Stakeholders Apple Inc. requirements to frame both inner and outer partners in its activity. Interior partners incorporate the workers and friends proprietors. Then again, outside partners incorporate the financial specialists or those subsidizing the business venture (Denton, 2017). The firm counsel with partners point is to yield benefits like an assessment of firms activity, recognizable proof, and following of firms needs and the foundation of brand esteems. Through the meeting procedure, data stream to and from the partners become a lot of productive. Consequently, a contrived procedure is a lot of fundamental in the association. Created channel to accomplish this can take the structure underneath Targets and Measures Perfomance Process Apple Inc. necessities to create execution objective and activities procedures like a fair scorecard. The board can incorporate new techniques with the point of accomplishing a forward leap in activity. This mode makes an interpretation of vital business targets into execution measures. The accompanying schematic diagram gives exercises stream in execution gauges in Apple Inc(Rousseau, 2015). Figure 2: Scorecard strategy Execution and Monitoring of Business Plan-Apple Inc. Report on the principle viewpoint execution measure at various stages Apple Inc. Consolidate scorecard procedure in assessing execution activity in the administration in accomplishing its set goals. Official administration centers around estimation. In all the four classes in the arrangement and proper be drafted. Specifically, Apple Inc. Being planned to be a PCs organization, customer dedication estimations are only being familiar in orchestrating delegates toward moving toward a customer driven association. The organization needs to fabricate its free examinations with a particular ultimate objective to follow its key market sections in far and wide point of view. At this period of execution measure usage, key angles need to tended to for the simple realization of the organization set goals (Rousseau, 2015). In advancement and learning viewpoint, the turn of events and learning objectives are proposed to drive change in money related, customer, and inside procedure execution. At Apple Inc., such overhauls began from a thing and organization headway that would make new wellsprings of salary and market advancement, and furthermore from a constant change in inward work structures. The essential objective was estimated by percent income from new organizations. A staff aura study and a measurement for the amount of delegate, proposals estimated whether or not such an air was being made. Finally, pay per specialist estimated the aftereffects of agent obligation and getting ready projects. Thus, the budgetary perspective included three proportions of centrality to the investor. Profit for capital-used and salary reflected tendencies, while steady gauge quality hailed the corporate parent's hankering to lessen the chronicled helplessness realized by unexpected assortments in execution. Apple Inc. organization included two fiscal measures. Expand advantage gave focus on the endeavor as the major unit for masterminding and control. To make proportions of inward strategies, Apple Inc. executives portrayed the existence pattern of speculation from dispatch to finish. The new focus underscored activities that fused key business structures. Internal surveys had revealed that the roaming costs from a disaster could be 5 to multiple times the prompt expenses. The scorecard incorporated a security document, got from a broad prosperity estimation structure that could perceive and arrange each and every undesired event with the potential for harm to people, property, and procedure (Rousseau, 2015). Correlation of Performance Report and Set Objectives The firm has had the option to accomplish the set objectives and targets, in overview directed shows that there is an expansion in net deals, expanded income and insignificant grievances from the possible clients. The key execution markers utilized by Apple Inc. can be client criticisms and quality degrees of the items this unmistakably show the essential set business targets are set by the firm. Additionally, the organization has formulated other creation techniques like licensing with the point of wandering into more extensive worldwide markets (NASDAQ, 2017). For this issue, the firm will have wide access to the clients thus getting a charge out of advantages of economies of scale. Territories of Underperformance Since the commencement of business activities, Apple Inc. has demonstrated underperformance of around 7% over the period which is a significant angle to advertise capitalization. Underperformance in any creation firm is by all accounts a significant test which should tended to with quick impact. This can lead business shut down if the status gets extreme. As of late around 4.4% drop in income has been experienced in the firm because of a decline in iPhone deals over the period (NASDAQ, 2017). Preparing Plan to Remediate Underperformance To fuse an adjustment in the association, base up correspondence becomes indispensable objective to be sought after by the administration. In actuality, new aptitudes are conferred to the laborers consequently improve in quality and decreased creation cycles. A fantastic preparing model must have five stages in particular; first understanding the territories failing to meet expectations, arranging and readiness, execution and ultimately surveying to measure its usefulness. This arrangement appears to repeat Apple Inc. to inspire its failed to meet expectations territories (Denton, 2017). Audit of System Processes and Work Methods Apple's Product Development Process may be a champion among the best diagram handle anytime realized. The progression is to structure format at the bleeding edge; plan groups are isolated from the huge organization, surveying and ultimately bundling of the item prepared to the prepared (IDF, 2012). Key Explanations in Implementing Process Plan objectives and targets should be imparted to the beneficiaries through the correct channel like print or online toward the beginning of the activity. The staff should be up to the errands weak. In creating execution reports, the message should be exact chiefly for the beneficiaries to comprehend quickly.Graphic rating scale technique was utilized in following the exhibition. Progressively significant, creation differences were iden

I Prefer to Live in Big Cities Than in Small Towns Free Essays

I Prefer to Live in Big Cities than in Small-towns In English, there is a notable pixie anecdote about a poor nation kid, Dick Whittington, who goes to London since he accepts that the lanes of that city are â€Å"paved with gold†. The story is a story of â€Å"from clothes to riches†. Dick in the long run turns into the Lord Mayor of London. We will compose a custom paper test on I Prefer to Live in Big Cities Than in Small Towns or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Like the saint of that story, I love to take experience in the urban communities. I experienced childhood in a humble community and afterward moved to a major city, so I have encountered the great and awful sides of both. I never believed that I might want living in a major city, yet I wasn't right. Urban communities contain an extraordinary variety of individuals. At whatever point I stroll around a shopping region at late morning on an end of the week, I am captivated by all the various sorts of individuals rushing around the shops. In some cases, I simply sit on an open seat and essentially watch the variegated floods of customers. Today, in the time of globe-running vehicle and correspondences, city life is more blended than it has ever been. Capital urban communities are not cosmopolitan, and anxious to draw in outside exchange cash. There is a contemporary English joke which tells that â€Å"you can never discover an Englishman in London†. The United States is comprised of individuals of various races, religions, capacities, and interests. In any case, you only from time to time find such an assortment of individuals in a littler town. I feel that living in a zone where everybody was much the same as me would immediately get exhausting. Regardless of whether properly or wrongly, I love the fervor of enormous urban communities. Modest communities have a moderate pace. Huge urban areas mean you need to adjust to an assortment of circumstances, such as finding another course to work or attempting another café. I appreciate that challenge without question. Another container of the fervor of city living is the assortment of social exercises accessible. There is a wide variety of theater, music and move exhibitions accessible in enormous urban areas. These things are uncommon in little ones. Governments and nearby specialists for the most part assemble open courtesies in the enormous urban communities. Cash is put resources into transport, libraries, parks and historical centers. Regularly, nations will contend with one another for the best â€Å"show-case† building. Malaysia has fabricated a high rise that is taller than is anything in New York. In huge nations, district will contend with area: New York against Chicago, Shanghai against Hong Kong and Beijing. The entirety of this is useful for the resident. The enchantment of the Dick Whittington story is revived in me when I enter a library in an eminent structure. In the event that an individual is at college examining craftsmanship or music, an enormous city normally offers displays and open exhibitions. In any event, when I was a young person, I valued the value of living in a city since a few times each year there was a stage performance by one of my preferred groups. There is one thing I need to talk is humble communities and enormous urban communities both have a few issues as far as transportation. In a modest community, you have to claim a vehicle to guarantee a happy with living. You can’t get around without one in light of the fact that there isn’t any sort of open transportation. Huge urban communities for the most part have overwhelming traffic and costly stopping, yet there you have a decision of taking open transportation. It’s not free, however it’s frequently less expensive than driving when you think about gas and time. Particularly on the off chance that you don’t have a vehicle, you’re happier in the city. What's more, obviously, security is a worry, and that’s one zone where modest communities are better than huge urban communities. All things considered, I would prefer to be more careful and live in a huge city than to have a sense of safety however exhausted. The most effective method to refer to I Prefer to Live in Big Cities Than in Small Towns, Papers

Tips for Proofreading for Yourself and Others

Tips for Proofreading for Yourself and Others The importance of proofreading cannot be overlooked. Because proofreading can often be a tedious project, below are some tips that can make the process more manageable.Tips for reviewing your own workOne of the major difficulties with proofreading is that it is very hard to proofread our own work. Often, when we review our own document, we see what we want to see rather than what we have actually written. This can lead to missed errors. Below are some tips for proofreading your own work:Slow down. Proofread line by line and focus on each line. Sometimes I cover the rest of the paragraph with a piece of blank paper so I am only looking at one line at a time.Know your own weaknesses. Make a list of common errors and check every document for those errors, one at a time.Do not proof for every type of mistake at once. Rather, do one proof for spelling, one for typos, one for consistency of word usage, one for formatting, and so on.Read your work aloud. This will often alert you to run-on sentences and other errors that you may not catch by simply reading the document to yourself.Eliminate distractions. Careful editing requires great concentration. Therefore, it is a good idea to turn off distractions such as the radio, the television and your cell phone.Make a hard copy. Always print out your work rather than reading directly from the computer screen.Sleep on it. Before you start editing your document, wait a night, preferably longer. The goal is for your brain to forget what you wrote so that it sees what is really written, not what it expects to see. You will be amazed by how many more errors you will catch!Dont be afraid to cut. Almost all of us are too wordy. If you cannot justify a point, statement, sentence or word, eliminate it. Conciseness should always be your goal.Dont overlook headings, bibliographies, tables, page numbers or footnotes. Errors often lurk in these places.Check the numbers. This is also where many mistakes can happen. You dont want to write that your product costs $10,000, when it really costs $10.00.Watch out for homonyms. Homonyms are words that share the same pronunciation or spelling, but mean entirely different things. Mixing up the words accept and except can completely alter the meaning of a sentence!Read it backwards. This is good trick to prevent your brain from automatically correcting wrong words inside sentences. In order to break this pattern, you can read the text backwards, word by word.Repeat. Unfortunately, one round of editing is usually not enough. After corrections have been made, dont forget to proof the revised document. First check to see that all of the corrections were made, then read over the document one more time to make sure you didnt miss something the first time around!Tips for reviewing the work of othersMost of us have been asked to review someone elses writing, whether it be a friend, family member or colleague. For many, this is a dubious task; but in fact it is often easier to proof read someone elses writing than your own. Although there is not one right way to edit, here are some tips to make the process a little easier:Ask for clear instructions. For example, does the writer want you to review the content of the paper or just the mechanics, such as grammar and spelling?Avoid meaningless changes. Maybe you prefer the word happy to the word glad, but unless the change makes a substantial improvement to the document, you should bite your tongue!Admit your shortcomings. If you are not sure about the proper placement of a comma or are uncertain if a word is used correctly, do not guess. Simply flag the item so that the writer can further research it if he or she chooses.Be nice. Avoid harsh comments such as I have no idea what you mean! Rather, phrase your comments diplomatically in the form of suggestions or questions, i.e. I would suggest clarifying this point so that your reader fully understands it. Perhaps, you can provide examples.Be specific. Rather than s imply stating that a paragraph is confusing, offer specific suggestions for improving it.Be consistent. Although you do not need to learn standard proofreading marks, your editing should be consistent. In other words, use the same symbols/marks for the same mistakes throughout the draft.Use the track changes feature. This is the easiest way to make your changes and comments apparent to the writer. It also allows the writer to easily accept/reject your changes.Dont proof for every type of mistake at once. This tip applies to all forms of editing. Rather, do one proof for spelling, one for typos, one for consistency of word usage, one for formatting, etc.Dont hesitate to suggest omissions. Your goal, as an editor, is to help the writer make the document more concise. Therefore, if you do not think that a word, sentence or even paragraph strengthens the writers message, do not hesitate to suggest omitting it.Make yourself available to discuss your edits and suggestions. Written comment s can be unclear and impersonal. Therefore, it is good practice to sit down with the writer to answer any questions he or she may have after reviewing your comments/edits.Stay positive. Try to point out something positive about the writing, making your praise as long and detailed as your most in-depth criticism.Proofreading skills do not develop overnight, but rather improve with practice. You can develop these skills by reviewing your own work, as well as the work of others.

Psychology reporting on gender differences in rumination and reflection Free Essay Example, 1000 words

According to Butler and Nolen-Hoeksema, rumination as a form of coping with depression represent â€Å"a type of self-focused attention, an an emotion-focused attention† (Butler and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994, p. 332). In their study, Butler and Nolen-Hoeksema (1994) found that women unlike men report that when depressed they focus on themselves and their emotions, and avoid activity. Researchers indicated that male subjects overall did not show distracting response style and throughout the study males revealed â€Å"their lower likelihood of emotion-focusing or ruminating, compared to women† (Butler and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994, p. 341). Almeida and Kessler (1998) explained that rumination theory, based on cognitive-behavioral thinking, states that gender differences in depression and stresses occur due to differences in how men and women respond to being in a dysphoric state. As Almeida and Kessler (1998) suggest, by being likely to ruminate on their negative emotions, women tend to prolong them (p. 670). In their study Almeida and Kessler (1998) found that among husbands and wives, female sample experienced more distress episodes than men and women were generally likely to remain in stress during more days. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology reporting on gender differences in rumination and reflection or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Nolen-Hoeksema and her colleagues (1999) found that rumination accompanied with chronic strain and low mastery was more prevalent in women than in men. In addition, rumination revealed the gender differences in depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema et al, 1999). According to suggestions made by researchers (Nolen-Hoeksema et al, 1999), women’s tendency to ruminate may be explained through their desire to control environment and distress. However, their failure to impose this control lead to situation when women remain stuck in rumination. In another study examining bereaved adults, Neol-Hoeksema et al (1994) indicated that individuals who in grieving cope with negative emotions with rumination experience significant difficulties adjusting their loss, placing themselves at risk for long-term emotional difficulties. In a study aiming to find and explain gender differences on the experience of depression, Thayer et al (2003) indicated that women reported greater feelings of sadness , unattractiveness, guilt, blame and tiredness compared to men. Simultaneously, women reported more problems with decision-making, task accomplishment and more weight associated problems than men. Noel-Hoeksema and Jackson (2001) examined beliefs about control of emotions, responsibility for the emotional tone of relationships, and mastery over negative events of both male and female samples, and concluded that these variables revealed the gender difference in rumination.

Chicano Gangs And The Los Angeles - 3699 Words

Chicano gangs have been a prominent part of the Los Angeles community since the early 1900s. These Chicano gangs consisted of young Mexican-Americans, another name used for Chicanos, which were formed as a way for some youth to identify with something. The behavior of gang members was a way of adapting to the social and economic living situation that was upon them. There was a large migration of Chicano immigrants to the Los Angeles area that resulted in several changes directly related to the larger and present Chicano presence. The most notable being the prominent presence of Chicano specific gangs. This is likely due to the fact that many people of Chicano descent are immigrants who came to America with little to nothing. This resulted in large groups of Chicanos being located in some of the poorest areas. Such areas became known as â€Å"barrios†, a Spanish term for neighborhood that became specifically in reference to the poor neighborhoods with a high Latino population. The people living in them were often working the lowest paid and hardest jobs needed by those of a higher class in society. It is commonly found that when poverty is heavy throughout a community, many youth will feel the need to act out in some way, and band together in their mutual discontent with their surrounding environment and society. In addition, many youth were also dealing with trying to identify themselves as something and weren’t sure if to identify themselves as latino, chicano, or somethingShow MoreRelatedSocial Movements Created by Mexican Americans1447 Words   |  6 PagesCalloway had inspired many of the young African Americans and Hispanics during his performances, which later changed to a form of expression on individuality, freedom and rights. During the 1940’s, many Mexican Americans moved into the city of Los Angeles, the city that was established by their ancestors. 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The movie focuses on the life of a 1950s teen named Montoya Santana, who forms a gang with his close friends. The gang is arrested for a break-in, and sentenced to time in juvenile hall. Santana finds trouble on his first night in juvenile hall and goes from juvenile hall to prison for 18 years. There he created and led a powerful gang that operated both inside and outside the prison. When releasedRead More Gangs and Violence in California Essay3549 Words   |  15 PagesGangs and Violence in California This paper was done in response to an article that I came across in which a child was convicted as an adult for homicide. The homicide was supposedly gang-related; the young child that was only 14 years of age was painted as an entrenched gang member. This article made me think what contributed to this situation and how it can be eradicated from today’s society so this will never happen to any of our youth. The solutions provided in this document are a response

Kinetic Free Essays

We can use many of Technique or methods for separating of compounds or mixtures .and we can by those methods studying of kinetic for reactions ,determine of reaction rate and reaction order . some of those methods are : mass spectrometric , spectrometric and Chromatographic Methods . We will write a custom essay sample on Kinetic or any similar topic only for you Order Now But in this paper I just talk about chromatographic method . exactly, gas chromatography . Chromatography:Few methods of chemical analysis are truly specific to a particular analyte. It is often found that the analyte of interest must be separated from the myriad of individual compounds that may be present in a sample. As well as providing the analytical scientist with methods of separation, chromatographic techniques can also provide methods of analysis . Chromatography involves a sample (or sample extract) being dissolved in a mobile phase (which may be a gas, a liquid or a supercritical fluid). The mobile phase is then forced through an immobile, immiscible stationary phase. The phases are chosen such that components of the sample have differing solubility in each phase. A component which is quite soluble in the stationary phase will take longer to travel through it than a component which isn’t very soluble in the stationary phase but very soluble in the mobile phase. As a result of these differences in mobilities , sample components will become separated from each other as they travel through the stationary phase. Gas chromatography methods that are used for studying first-order reaction kinetics by gas chromatography : (1) classical kinetic methods where samples of batch-wise kinetic studies are analyzed by enantioselective gas chromatography, (2) stopped-flow methods performed on one chiral column, (3) stopped-flow methods performed on an achiral column or empty capillary coupled in series with two chiral columns, (4) on-flow method performed on an achiral column coupled in series with two chiral columns, and (5) reaction gas chromatography, known as a dynamic gas chromatography. The following procedures have been developed to determination peak areas of reaction constituents in such complex chromatograms: (i) methods based on computer-assisted simulations of chromatograms where the kinetic activation parameters for the interconversion of enantiomers are obtained by iterative comparison of experimental and simulated chromatograms, (ii) stochastic methods based on the simulation of Gaussian distribution functions and using a time-dependent probability density function, (iii) approximation function and unified equation, (iv) computer-assisted peak deconvolution methods. Fast reaction :Reaction between metal carbonate and acid.- Reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid :CaCO3 + 2HCl -; CaCl2 + H2O + CO2Reaction between reactive metal and water .-reaction between lithium and water :2Li + 2H2O -; 2LiOH + H2Combustion .-combustion of magnesium in oxygen .2Mg + O2 -; 2MgOPrecipitation (double decomposition )-precipitation of silver (I) chloride :AgNO3 + HCl -; AgCl + HNO3 Rate :The rate can be measured using apparatus on the rightrate of reaction = d[CaCl2] / t ,or d[CO2] / t or d[H2O] the rate can be decrease or increase with change of temperature , concentration , pressure , surface area or size of molecules .concentration : when the concentration is decrease the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10 . But we decrease of concentration of calcium carbonate to 2 .rate = -d[2] / 10 .pressure and temperature : also when decrease the pressure or temperature the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10s . but the time is increase to 20s , because the pressure decrease to 0.5 and temperature decrease to 15 , so the rate = -d [3] / 20s . In a chemical reaction the reactant decrease over time and product increase over time . The rate will decrease over time as the hydrochloric acid is used up (its concentration decreases)The graph in after page shows the volume of gas produced over time in the reaction between HCl and CaCO3 .All three reactions result in the same amount of CO2 gas being produced; however the higher the concentration of HCl, the faster the rate of reaction, thus the less time it takes for the reaction to be complete . The table below shows the time taken to produce 50cm3Â  of CO2Â  for each concentration of HCl :Rate of reaction / cm3 of CO2 s-1 Time take to produce 50 cm3 of CO2/1s Concentration of HCl /mold m-30.86 58 2.00.42 120 2.00,21 235 0.5 From the results in the table above, it can be worked out that the rate of reaction is directionally proportional to the concentration of hydrochloric acid, so if you halve the concentration of HCl will be halved, if you quarter the concentration, the rate will be quartered . rate = k [HCl]1 Order :The order of a reaction is not necessarily an integer. The following orders are possible :Zero: A zero order indicates that the concentration of that species does not affect the rate of a reaction .Negative integer: A negative order indicates that the concentration of that species INVERSELY affects the rate of a reaction .Positive integer: A positive order indicates that the concentration of that species DIRECTLY affects the rate of a reaction . Non-Integer: Non-integer orders, both positive and negative, represent more intricate relationships between concentrations and rate in more complex reactions.So, in The reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid is said to be first order with respect to hydrochloric acid .This is because the rate depends upon the concentration of hydrochloric acid to the power one . Technique :we can measure of rate of carbon dioxide by gas chromatography , gas chromatography can separating of compound by boiling point , and you can analyze results on your computer and measuring of rate of CO2 .and you can determine of rate by flow reaction that may be is easer method . How to cite Kinetic, Papers

Diuretics Used in Sport free essay sample

Diuretics dilute urine which can often help pass drugs tests. It is important that drugs such as diuretics are identified and managed in sports performance. This is especially true at elite levels as athletes have an unfair advantage when taking drugs to improve success. The use of research questions can help the understanding of drugs such as diuretics being used in sport. For research questions to be beneficial they have to be all of the following: Specific, measurable, achievable and realistic. Below are 4 specific research questions based around diuretics being used at elite levels in sport. By identifying research questions, understanding of the problem is increased: 1. To what extent can diuretics be used to improve an athlete’s performance? The use of this research question will allow the understanding of the physiological effect diuretics have on the body of an athlete. Article: Drugs in sport: Diuretics and masking agents. Mottram. 2. What is the relationship between diuretic consumption and the masking of performance enhancing drugs? Answering this research question will allow the understanding on how diuretics can be used as a masking agent for other performance enhancing drugs. Article: Exercise and sports nutrition: Principles, Promises, science and recommendations. Krieder et al. 3. What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted? By answering this research question, the ethics behind sport and fair play can be understood. Article: Anti-doping policies: New directions, Waddington and Smith. 4. What effects does the long term use of diuretics have on dehydration? Answering this research question will help the understanding of the effects of changing the natural balance of fluids in the body and how they can affect the liver causing dehydration. Article: Performance enhancing drugs in sport and exercise, Bahrke and Yesalis 5. What effect doe duretics have on cell structure The question being used for the remainder of this essay is: What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted? This question can be used to understand the issues around the use of diuretics in sport. By using this research question Academic disciplines which provide theorectical underpinning to the research This question can help the understanding of the psychological effects on using diuretics. Allowing the use of diuretics in sport would affect athletes psychologically by making them feel superior and confident about their performance. However if performance enhancing drugs were legalised in sport, athletes would have unfair advantages. Diuretics are commonly used in sports which have weight categories such as boxing and body building In order to collect data from the research question, it has to be operationalised. Design Sample Instrumental Data analysis One problem with validity, one with reliability and one with ethics Validity To answer this I looked at what validity is in research terms. Basically validity is whether the research is really measuring what it claims to be measuring and as objectively as it says it is. Is the researcher really looking to prove a point or disprove a point and in doing so have they used a) Valid research questions to measure the required information and b) Is the research really measuring what is says it is measuring It is not difficult to see that if the answer to the above questions are both â€Å"no† then the research must be said to be invalid Reliability Reliability looks at whether the research can be reliable in as much as can it be applied to a wider group with confidence that the same or similar results will follow thus making the research reliable. It is clear that reliability has a direct link then to sample sizes and sample validity and the spectrum of the sample, for example if a piece of company research only sampled 50 of its customers from 20,000 customers all of whom had completed a satisfaction survey and returned it with positive result in the past, could this be said to be a reliable as it has clearly taken a relatively small sample and unethically used past known positives? It can be seen that the data capture process or research methods have a big impact on reliability. Ethics Again I sought to answer this question by looking at what ethics was in both normal everyday situations and in research terms. In both cases it appears to be about morals and right and wrong. The debate in research terms seems to be a very large one, however I came across this statement â€Å"†¦.. our assumption is that academic freedom does not confer a right to do research Anthropology Matters Journal 2010, Vol 12 (1) http://eprints. oas. ac. uk/10352/1/The_problem_of_ethics_in_contemporary_anthropological_research. pdf From this and further reading I think the single biggest problem with research ethics is different people have different ethical value bases and believe different things are right and wrong. It is clear however that if the ethical basis of the research can be easily attacked then it validity and reliability must both come into question. It is also clear that different sectors of society may take different views from different perspectives i. e. a financial institutuion may take a different view than a church. References: ALPHABETICAL ORDER Waddingoton, I. Smith, A. (2009) Addicted to winning? An introduction to drugs in sport. Richard B. Kreider, Brian C. Leutholtz, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch 2009 Michael S. Bahrke, Charles Yesalis 2002 – David. R Mottram 2011 5th editition